The Main Stages Of Second Language Development Essay

BICS- Cummins (1981) states that there are two main stages to second language development. BICS is Basic Interpersonal communication skills, they are language skills which are needed in a daily basis to interact socially with others. BICS is basic interpersonal communication skills. It is the most basic form of communication and relies on gestures, facial expressions and body language to enhance or support the meaning of words (Brown-Chidsey and Bickford, 2015). BICS can take between 2 and 4 years to achieve. These skills are the ones which are the most essential to daily survival, such as, knowing how to locate the bathroom in another language is an example of BICS. BICS are skills that ELL s need in order to get through each day in a second language. CALP- As (Lyman, 2016) suggests that CALP, Cognitive academic language proficiency is referred to as formal academic learning, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. It is more conceptual, academic form of language and follows BICS. Students may initially appear fully proficient and fluent, while still struggling with significant language gaps. This level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. Students need time and support to become proficient in academic areas (Banks and banks 2009). This usually takes from four to seven years. Recent research from (Thomas and Collier, 1995) has shown that if a child has no prior schooling or has noShow MoreRelatedThe Stages Of First Language Acquisition1381 Words   |  6 PagesFirst language acquisition means the development of children language in natural environment. First language acquisition could be bilingual or monolingual. Bilingual first language acquisition means children from birth acquire two languages at the same time such as child who has parents from different nationality (Houwer,2009). In contract, monolingual means the development of single language. However, several studies have documented the development of first language acquisition into stages whichRead MoreHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular1300 Words   |  6 PagesHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning† (p. 19). In addition, â€Å"it is an approach to language learning which is based on learner need. The foundation of all ESP is a simple question: Why does this leaner need to learn a foreign language?† (Hatchinson Waters, 1987, p. 19). Strevens (as cited in Dudley Evans St. John, 1998) differentiatesRead MoreEssay on The Theories of Jean Piaget752 Words   |  4 Pagesessay is about Jean Piagets theory. Piagets theory has two main strands: first, an account of the mechanisms by which cognitive development takes place; and second, an account of the four main stages of cognitive development through which children pass. Piaget suggested that there are four main stages in the cognitive development of children. In the first two years, children pass through a sensory-motor stage during which they progress from cognitive structures dominatedRead MoreTheories Of Cognitive Development And Comment On Impact On Education1381 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive development and comment on the impact they have had on education. This essay will describe and evaluate two of the main three theories concerning cognitive development and comment on how they have impacted education. Cognitive development is the mental process in which we think and how we remember, problem solving and decision making. There are three main theorists that have a theory on cognitive development, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner. Piaget and Vygotsky are the two main theorist whoseRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives On Language Development1590 Words   |  7 Pagesessay will consist of three theoretical perspectives on language development Burner, Vygotsky and Piaget. Each theory has key features that will be explained they are all opposing theories on language development; the main framework throughout this essay will be discussing the social interaction and cognitive development. In addition the essay will argue the main contrast and comparison using the key features that have been explained. Language is what separates mankind from any other species; we haveRead MoreDifferent Stages Of Language Acquisition Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of language among linguists, but we can say that language is the most sophisticated way of communication between any two human beings and far more complex than any other system of communication. The ability of acquiring and using languages is one of the properties that differs us as human beings from other species. Acquiring the first language is much easier than acquiring any second language as it comes â€Å"naturally† after birth. The child passes through different stages before acquiringRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Culture on Second Language Acquisition924 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The issue of English language learning has been always a controversial one for almost all non-English language countries around the world these days. However, it seems language learning difficulties are not restricted to those who attempt to learn English. This is the same issue when an English speaker attempts to learn another language especially the Middle Eastern or Asian Languages. There are several hypotheses and theories concerning the language learning difficulties from differentRead MoreWhat Do Toddlers Help The Task Of Language Learning? Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesinfants bring to the task of language learning? This question is the basis for the nature vs. nurture debate. Theorists argue whether or not children are born with innate language capabilities (nature-inspired theories) or acquire language skills through interaction/experiences with others (nurture-inspired theories). What mechanisms drive language acquisition? Examines how language develops from infancy into adulthood. Focuses on the modularity debate of how language is organized in the brain.Read MoreTheories in Second Language Acquisition by James P. Lantolf and Steven L. Thorne593 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Acquiring second language has its impact on the social and cultural knowledge. One of the theories that concern with that knowledge is the sociocultural theory that was originated by the Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky. The theory explains how individual mental functioning is related to cultural, institutional, and historical context. SCT has three main areas. These are: interaction, ZPD, and scaffolding. Summary In chapter (11) of James P. Lantolf and Steven L. Thorne’s book â€Å"TheoriesRead MoreEssay AngloSaxon Language1062 Words   |  5 PagesAngloSaxon Language Nearly all knowledge of the English language before the seventh century is hypothetical. Most of this knowledge is based on later English documents and earlier documents in related languages (3). The English language of today represents many centuries of development. As a continuous process, the development of the English language began in England around the year 449 with the arrival of several Germanic tribes including: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes (1, p

Nutrition My First Career Choice - 761 Words

Nutrition is my first career choice. In many ways it also reflects my second and third career choice. Educators teach and lead youngsters toward success. Legislators draft policies that improve process for their constituents. And researchers commit themselves to extensive study and practise to master the skills and knowledge needed for their field of interest. As a nutritionist, I see myself incorporating all three. I want to master the fundamental knowledge of nutrition, work to improve the process of nutrition practice and successfully educate ordinary people so they are empowered to choose a healthy life. Naturally my learning must precede anything else I do. But learning in health related sciences is not simple. We are operating in a flood of information and our best evidence evolves daily. As such, learning to exercise sound nutritional recommendations requires extensive study and research, even life long. During my undergraduate studies I fell in love with learning how to start a research project, forming a hypothesis and working toward its prove or rejection. To pursue this goal, I poured over textbooks and watched countless hours of webinars and seminars of well known researchers. I even started Omega Research Team (ORT), a research group that with efforts of my friends and I, turned into a unique organization in Iran, my home country. Designing clinical trials, presenting keynote lectures in international regional conferences and publishing papers while still anShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Love For Nutrition1621 Words   |  7 PagesMy love for nutrition began five years ago after I graduated with my first bachelor’s degree in fashion design. During college, I surpassed the dreaded freshman fifteen and gained a significant amount of weight. I decided to take a break after graduation and invested my free time in improving my well-being. I was inspired to turn over a new leaf and transitioned to a healthier lifestyle, after witnessing a major transformation in my father’s life after he was diagnosed as pre-diabetic. With greatRead MoreWhat Your Career Plans Is Your Academic Interests Or Plans For Future Study963 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe your career plans, your academic interests or plans for future study. My goal is to become a Registered Dietitian and provide healthy eating resources in various community settings. My two special interests in nutrition is nutrition for adolescent athletes to support their growth and development as well as their performance, and nutrition for disease prevention and management for adults. My first degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is a Bachlor of Arts in dance. I am also aRead MoreHigh School Of The Arts1140 Words   |  5 Pageslived in Milwaukee my whole life and attended arts Milwaukee Public Schools- Elm, Roosevelt, and High School of the Arts. I feel the best, and most fun, way to appreciate other cultures is through art and food. I attended the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee from 2004-2010 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in dance, a Cultures and Communities Certificate, and a Nutrition Certificate. My athletic involvement in dance led me to develop an interest in healthy eating. This widened my eyes to learn aboutRead MoreSports Psychology, Sports Nutrition, And Strength And Conditioning Essay742 Words   |  3 PagesCAREER GOALS: Through applied sport psychology, sports nutrition, and strength and conditioning, my goals are to give back to my community by: 1. Leading local athletes through a process of discovering their true potential and greatness, so that they can perform successfully to a level that brings true peace of mind and self-satisfaction that they did the best to which they were capable.   a. Volunteer to teach leadership and life skills training to athletes in my community with the Habitudes imageryRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Working Mothers1218 Words   |  5 Pages Todays women are being scrutinized if they decide to enter the work force and have children. There seems to be a stigma that you cannot be a career woman and have a family. Women find themselves entering the work force before they have children and then choosing to stay after the children are born. Some women find that their families require two incomes or in some cases their income may be the sole source. There are also positive outcomes of working mothers. Some studies show that while the lackRead MoreHolistic Approach Of The Nutrition Program Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages(Ecclesiasticus 38:4). This is one of my favorite bible quotes which summarizes my feelings (views?) about maintaining a healthy lifestyle, using food as medicine and balancing good nutrition. Throughout my life I made poor choices pertaining to my nutrition in part by cultural experiences and my personal lack of awareness. One of my biggest challenges growing up was digestive related in which, I have struggled with constipation most of my life. As I did my research in food science, I realized thatRead MoreEssay Analyzing Career Theories964 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze and critique their choices based on our own opinions and experiences. Is that fair? No. We may see their actions clearly but the reasoning behind these is what we should focus on when it comes to judging someone’s behavior or circumstances. A common judgment made about a person is based on their career. In our society, it would behoove us to look at the path that leads to becoming a doctor instead of a drug dealer. Application of career theories to my own life allows for analyzingRead MoreObservation Report1413 Words   |  6 PagesTerry Mc Intosh, I was eager to experience cattle nutrition on small family dairies. Terry had told me he doesn’t work as much as he had so I assumed he did private consulting—a few minutes into meeting with Terry in Homedale and a firm handshake later my assumptions were confirmed. I got into his pickup and awaited the awesome job shadow to come. Immediately Terry told me that when planning for my future never go after the money, go after my passion instead. He’d went to Oregon State to becomeRead MoreWhat Can A Person Do With A Health Science Degree?1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthat question without looking it up. So lets first start with explaining what health science actually is; health science is a wide variety of disciplines, which are determined â€Å"through the application of science, engineering, mathematics and technology† (Health Science Careers, 2016) It’s the area of knowledge and science, which is then applied to â€Å"practical and clinical practices to maintain and improve the health of living beings† (Health Science Careers, 2016). This paper will go over a multitudeRead MoreMy Career Choices Within The Nutrition Field Essay2416 Words   |  10 PagesDuring this semester in the Introduction to Human Science class we have done several career exploration papers within our d egree field and to explore the careers within the human sciences. The discussion of this paper will include three values that I find important, three career choices within the nutrition field, and three long term goals. I will also discuss how I will reach my long term goals and how my career choices and values tie into one another. According to KatoElias (2015), â€Å"Personal values

Government Intervention in Market Economy

Question: Examine the nature of economic activity in the business market, understand the economic environment of business and evaluate the broad approaches to organisation and management? Answer: Introduction In the growing competitiveness of businesses, the consideration of the external and internal environmental factors is necessary for an organization as well as for governments to ensure the sustainability of the businesses and growth in the economy. The business environment of the UK market is composed of both external environment and internal environment. From an organization perspective, the internal environment factors are controllable forces that can be controlled by an organization through changes in its organizational policies, systems, and structures (Beer, 2013). The internal environmental factors include employees morale, financial changes, management changes, organizational structures and cultural changes, and internal work environment. The external environmental factors are uncontrollable forces that cannot be controlled by the firms. The external environmental factors are those forces that take place outside of the organizations. It is harder to predict and control these forces. The external environmental factors include political, legal, socio-cultural, technological, economic, competition and environmental factors. Similarly, government of UK has to assess the internal factors i.e. factors that are internal to country and also, the external factors that are outside the UK economy but these factors also affect the UK economy. All these factors affect the business operations and activities of the industries greatly because these forces put pressures on the industries to follow the government legislations and environmental regulations while operating the businesses in the contemporary business environment (Hodder Education, 2015). This assessment discusses the impact of the government intervention and economic poli cies in the UK market economy. Government Intervention in Market Economy The UK government plays an important role in determining the economic behaviors in the market through its economic policies and intervention. There are several reasons for the government intervention in the UK market economy. Firstly, the government intervenes when the goods or services are under-consumed or over-consumed. Secondly, the government intervenes when it believes in the redistribution of the wealth and income in a more equitable way. It also intervenes, when it thinks that the intervention and policy changes are mandatory for the improvements in the economic performance in the market (Pierrakis and Westlake, 2009). The UK government intervenes in the market economy in the form of indirect taxation, subsidies, tariffs, pricing and distribution control, legislations, pollution control, buffer stocks, and state provision. The UK government legislations and economic policies determine the environment in which the entrepreneurs operate their businesses. The fiscal and monetary policies of the UK government influence the market economy greatly. The fiscal policy is determined by the government in the form of taxes, such as VAT, sales tax, service tax, corporation taxes, employees state insurance tax, excise duty, and subsidies at local, federal and national level (Giudice, Kuenzel, and Springbett, 2012). For ex-employees state insurance tax imposes the taxes on the salary and wages of the employees. The UK government supports the import and export businesses by imposing the low taxes on the exchange of the goods and services. The monetary policies are also determined by the UK government in the form of changes in the exchange rates, interest rates, inflation rates, and unemployment rates (Guay, 2014). The changes in the interest rates, inflation rates, currency value and GDP influence the pricing and product development strategies of the businesses. A rise in the interest rates reduces the purchasing power of the customers and industrial activities. If the UK government raises the interest rates, the borrowing costs, interest debt payments, and mortgage housing rates also increase. As a result, the entrepreneurs will have to pay more prices for the exchange of raw materials, technologies and labors. The high-interest rates and inflation rates will increase the transportation rates because of higher prices of oils, as a result of the prices of the goods and services will be increased. The high-interest rates, inflation rates, and high exchange rates will reduce the customer spending because of low purchasi ng power (Pelaez, 2008). These adverse economic conditions will decrease the sales figures, clientele, economies of scale and profitability of the organizations because of the low spendings by the customers. On the other hand, the low-interest rates, inflation rates, and low exchange rates will create more earnings to the industrial sectors by promoting the industrial activity. In these favorable economic conditions, the customers will prone to more spending because of a high purchasing power. The government intervention influences the entrepreneurship and business partnerships with private and public enterprises. During an economic recession or crisis, if the UK government doesnt support the industries by providing the financial assistance for purchasing the raw materials due to financial problem of the companies, the productivity and business performance of the firms will be affected. The government spending and intervention also affect the HR activities of the industrial sectors. For ex- if the UK government doesnt organize the training and development programs, it can cause for the unskilled and inexperienced labors that will result into the decreased productivity and unexpected performance. The lower spending by the UK government in the training, research, education, and technology will affect the industrial activity and international trade adversely (Mitchell, 2012). The government intervention and economic policies also affect the investment pattern and production o utputs of the industrial sectors. For ex- if the government imposes higher taxes and more legal issues on the businesses, the entrepreneurs will make less investment in the research, technology, training, education, and product development that will affect the productivity and annual turn-over of the industries. The Mixed economic system is followed in the UK marketplace where the UK government holds control on the international trade, resource allocation, demand and supply and research activities. Along with this, the competitive policies and regulatory mechanism of the UK Government also affect the HRM policies, production process, pricing, distribution, and customer buying activities. In the UK market economy, the government supports the industrial activity by taking the view that markets are best suited to allocating scarce resources and allow the market forces to determine prices through demand and supply pattern. The government intervention improves the national economic performance by maintaining the value of Pound (Walley, 2012). The government intervention plays an important role in achieving the equitable distribution of income and wealth. The competition policies and regulation mechanism in the UK market create a fair competition that provides the opportunities for the new firms t o enter the UK market. The government intervention brings improvements in the UK market economy by creating an allocative, dynamic efficient, and productive environment . The government intervention restricts or distorts the competitive markets. It supports the industrial activity or entrepreneurship by reducing the unemployment or to overcome the economic recession. The government intervention assists the industrial sector to redistribute the wealth and income by improving the equality of opportunities and output. The government intervention also assists in overcoming the market failure rates through funding public goods (Kitson and Michie, 2015). The government spending breaks the monopoly in the market. It brings a lot of improvements in the institutional infrastructure. It also plays an important role in overcoming the violence and corruptions in the UK market. For ex- if the government intervention is recognized in a way that it introduces insufficiency higher than rationalizing the entire economy sys tem that will create a threat of damaging the UK economy. The distort intervention can result into higher costs and customer dissatisfaction. The government intervention supports the industrial activity and international trade by providing the financial assistance to the businesses from the banks and financial institutions in the form of credits or loans. The government supports the businesses of the local industries by providing the subsidies and tariffs to make the profitable businesses. The government imposes taxes on the foreign products that make the foreign products more expensive than domestic products so that the demand for the domestic products could be increased. The government also supports the industrial sectors by providing the consistent supply of the raw materials, technology, labors, resources, and capital through their spending activities. The government employment legislations regulate the business organizations to create the equal employment opportunity for all whether freshers or experienced employees by avoiding the discrimination, prejudices, and biases (Bergstein, 2014). The government legislations e ncourage the business organizations to provide the employees a supportive and learning environment through training, development, and learning programs for the employee satisfaction and high moral. The government also regulates the customer protection laws instructing the companies to maintain the quality standards and value efficiency to deliver the quality products and value added services so that repetitive business could be made. The UK government environmental legislations regulate the business organizations to follow the ethical code of conduct, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and eco-friendly policies in order to improve the corporate social performance locally and globally. For ex- if the government closely monitors the environmental hazardous and industrial polluted activities, the industries will be prone to reduce the waste disposals, excessive water usage, and resource wastage that will be beneficial for both communities and industries. Conclusion In the conclusive statement, it is analyzed that the government intervention in the market economy is essential to improve the environmental conditions in which the entrepreneurs operates their businesses. The government economic policies and legislations determine the way of a business in which it operates. The government intervention promotes the entrepreneurship and industrial activity to support the import and export businesses. Government economic policies and environmental legislations assist the businesses in creating a global corporate image. The UK government intervention and economic policies promote employment, consumerism, consumption, training, research, education, technology, infrastructure development, information technology, and customer spendings. References Beer, M. (2013) Early British Economics from the XIIIth to the middle of the XVIIIth century. UK: Routledge. Bergstein, S. (2014) UK Government Help to Buy scheme: A policy of genius or economic idiocy?. England: Grin Verlag. Giudice, G., Kuenzel, R., and Springbett, T. (2012) The UK Economy: The Crisis in Perspective. Great Britain: Routledge. Guay, R. T. (2014) The Business Environment of Europe: Firms, Governments, and Institutions. London: Cambridge University Press. Hodder Education (2015) Edexcel Economics A Student Guide: Theme 2 The UK economy - performance and policies. UK: Hachette Publication. Kitson, M. and Michie, J. (2015) The Political Economy of Competitiveness: Corporate Performance and Public Policy. UK: Routledge. Mitchell, M. (2012) My Revision Notes: AQA GCSE Citizenship Studies. UK: Hachette. Pelaez, C. (2008) Government Intervention in Globalization: Regulation, Trade and Devaluation Wars. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Pierrakis, Y. and Westlake, S. (2009) Reshaping the UK economy: The role of public investment in financing growth [Online]. Available at: https://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/reshaping_the_uk_economy.pdf. (Accessed: 27 March 2016). Walley, J. (2012) A Green Economy: Twelfth Report of Session 2010-12, Vol. 1: Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence, Volume 1. UK: The Stationery Office.

Antwone Fisher Synopsis free essay sample

Antwone Fisher is a 2002 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington, marking his directorial debut. He also stars in the film as the psychiatrist Jerome Davenport, alongside Hollywood newcomer Derek Luke, who plays the title role (and personally knew the real Antwone Fisher), and ex-model Joy Bryant, as Fishers girlfriend. The film is inspired by a true story; with the real Antwone Fisher credited as the screenwriter, and is based on his autobiographical book Finding Fish. The film was produced by Washington, Nancy Paloian, and Todd Black, and features a soundtrack by Mychael Danna. Black was first inspired to make the film upon hearing the story from Fisher, who was then working as a security guard at Sony Pictures Studios. [ The movie focuses on Antwone Fish Fisher (Derek Luke), a temperamental young man in the navy with a violent history. It is set in America in the 1990s. His father was killed before he was born and his teenage mother, Eva Mae Fisher, ended up arrested soon after and put in jail where she gave birth to him. He was then placed in an orphanage until she got out to claim him. When she never claimed him, Antwone was placed in a foster home at two years old ran by a religious couple Mr. and Mrs. Tate (Ellis Williams and Novella Nelson). There, Antwone faced abuse by Mrs. Tate mentally and physically for many years until he finally left the home at age fourteen. Living out on the streets for the next few years he decided to join the U. S. Navy to make something out of his life. However the rough life he had as child caused him to have a violent temper at this point. After getting into a fight with a fellow sailor, Antwone is sentenced to be demoted, fined, and restricted to the ship for 45 days. His commanding officer also orders him to go to psychiatric treatment. Antwone goes in to meet Dr. Jerome Davenport (Denzel Washington). Davenport attempts to get him to open up, but Antwone is at first extremely resistant. During his sessions, Antwone develops feelings for a fellow Naval personnel, Cheryl (Joy Bryant). Still getting into altercations, Davenport tries to explore Antwones feelings for Cheryl to channel Antwones feelings into something positive. Antwone finally goes on a date with Cheryl and establishes a relationship with her. While on leave in Mexico, Antwones sexuality is called into question by a fellow personnel he had previously called an Uncle Tom. The personnels comments have an impact on Antwone and he gets into yet another fight. Antwones thrown into jail. Davenport meets him in jail, where Antwone confided he was sexually abused as a child by Nadine Tate (Yolonda Ross), a member of the Tate household. Later on, Antwone eventually reveals to Cheryl that he sees a shrink and they share their first kiss. At Thanksgiving dinner, Davenport advises Antwone to find his real family. Antwone refuses, but thanks Davenport before inviting him to a graduation ceremony. Following the graduation ceremony, Davenport tells Antwone hes ending the sessions and feels Antwone needs to progress on his own. Antwone breaks down and feels everyone has abandoned him. He reveals his best friend was killed during an attempted robbery and he resents his friend for leaving him behind. Realizing he needs to find his parents to find closure, Antwone asks Cheryl to go with him to Cleveland. After a dead end at social services Antwone decides to return to the Tate household. There he confronts an older Nadine and Mrs. Tate about their abuses toward him. Mrs. Tate ultimately reveals Antwones fathers name: Edward Elkins. After looking through multiple telephone books, Antwone comes into contact with his Aunt Annette (Vernee Watson-Johnson) and visits her. Antwone learns his mother (Viola Davis) lives nearby, and goes to visit her. She sits in silence after he reveals to her that hes her firstborn. Antwone finds closure, forgives her, and leaves. When he returns to the Elkins household, he finds a feast prepared for him and finds the family he lost. At the end of the film, Antwone visits Davenport and thanks him for everything. Davenport then replies that it is he who should be thanking Antwone. Davenport reveals to Antwone that he was slowly shutting down his life until the day he met Antwone. The movie draws to a close as Davenport and Antwone go to eat. Antwone Fisher Synopsis #2 Twenty-four-year-old Antwone Fisher, stationed at the Naval base in Coronado, California, often loses his temper and fights with his fellow seamen. After his latest brawl, the African-American Antwone defends himself by stating that his opponent made a racial slur, but is still sentenced to reduced pay and a demotion, and is also ordered to be evaluated at the Naval psychiatric facility. Antwone reluctantly sees psychiatrist Commander Jerome Davenport, who is bemused by the dichotomy between Antwones belligerence and shyness. Intrigued by Antwones statement that he is from under a rock, Davenport orders him to return the following week. Taking advantage of his liberty from the ship, Antwone goes to the base exchange to see Cheryl Smolley, a fellow Naval recruit with whom he is smitten. Despite her own shyness, Cheryl attempts to tease Antwone into a conversation, but the tongue-tied young man leaves quickly. Two weeks later, Davenport has Antwone forcibly brought to his office, as he had not reported for their meeting. Davenport explains to the angry seaman that he has only three sessions in which to evaluate him and make a recommendation to his commanding officer, who wants Antwone dismissed from the Navy. Declaring that there is nothing wrong with him, Antwone refuses to talk, and so Davenport orders him to attend weekly sessions until he does. For several weeks, Antwone sits in silence while Davenport catches up on his paperwork. Finally, Antwone begins to speak, soon revealing that he never knew his father, who was murdered two months before he was born. His mother was in prison when he was born, and Antwone was put in an orphanage for two years. Eventually, Antwone was placed in the Cleveland foster home of Reverend and Mrs. Tate, an older African-American couple who also fostered young Dwight and Keith, who was favored because he was half white. Antwone describes the incessant physical and emotional abuse heaped upon the children by Mrs. Tate, who called them nigger so often that they could tell which child she was calling by how she said the word. Antwone cannot control the pain in his voice upon describing how Mrs. Tate bragged about beating him unconscious when he was eight years old, and Davenport begins to sympathize with his patient. During their next session, Antwone tells Davenport about his best friend Jesse, a devil-may-care boy whom Mrs. Tate detested. One day, when Jesse came to call for Antwone, Mrs. Tate began to berate Antwone, but the by then teenaged boy, unable to endure her tyranny, grabbed the shoe with which she was beating him, and she threw him out. Hoping to help Antwone understand the Tatess ambiguous feelings about their own race, Davenport gives him a book about slavery, explaining how generations of African-American slaves passed on to their children the poor treatment they had received from their masters. Despite his initial skepticism, Antwone finds himself responding to Davenports gentle questioning and so is distraught at the end of their third session, when Davenport states that he can no longer see him, although he will recommend that Antwone be allowed to remain in the Navy. Overwhelmed by the release of feelings he had kept locked inside, Antwone begins fighting again, and one day, shows up at Davenports office, where he yells at the waiting patients. Drawn to helping Antwone, Davenport offers to see him on his own time, and they begin their sessions again. Antwone is amazed one afternoon when Cheryl asks him out, and after receiving encouragement from Davenport, has a successful first date with her. Thrilled that Cheryl kissed him, Antwone dashes to Davenports house to tell him, and the commanders wife Berta, with whom Davenport has a strained relationship, caustically tells her husband not to cure the young man of his enthusiasm. All goes well for Antwone until his ship makes a routine tour of Mexico, where one night, he and his buddies visit a nightclub. There, Antwones frequent tormentor, Grayson, taunts him for not wanting to dance, implying that he is either a virgin or a homosexual. After the ensuing brawl, Antwone is returned to Coronado, where Davenport questions him in the brig. Antwone confides that he is a virgin, then reveals that as a young child, he was repeatedly sexually molested by Nadine, a predatory older girl also staying with the Tates. Later, Antwone stops by the Davenport home to see the commander and charms Berta with his honesty and politeness. Berta insists that Antwone attend their Thanksgiving dinner, at which Antwone experiences his first family holiday. In gratitude Antwone gives Davenport a moving poem, Who Will Cry for the Little Boy? , and a deeply touched Berta realizes how much Antwone means to her husband. Soon after, however, Davenport is forced to tell Antwone that it is time for him to move on, as he must now take charge of his recovery himself. An infuriated Antwone lashes out, yelling that everyone in his life has abandoned him, even Jesse,  and reveals to Davenport that rather than simply losing touch with Jesse, as he had said earlier, he was an innocent bystander when Jesse was shot while robbing a convenience store. After finally being able to admit his anger toward Jesse, Antwone realizes that Davenport is also right about his need to find his real family. Asking Cheryl to accompany him, Antwone returns to Cleveland, but receives little help from social services. Cheryl then encourages Antwone to ques tion Mrs. Tate. Antwone goes to the Tate home, where he castigates Nadine and Mrs. Tate for their abuse, then defiantly declares that he is still standing strong. After Mrs. Tate tells Antwone that his fathers name was Edward Elkins, Antwone and Cheryl begin calling all the Elkinses in the Cleveland phone book. Late that night, a confused Annette Elkins receives a call from Antwone, and after he relates his story, tearfully tells him that she may be his auntie. The next morning, Antwone and Cheryl go to Annettes home, and there meet her, his uncle James and another uncle, none of whom knew of his existence. James realizes that Antwones mother is Eva Mae Fisher, the sister of a friend, and takes him to meet her. Antwone is dismayed by his mothers tenement home, while she is too overwhelmed by his sudden appearance to speak. Antwone tells her that he is a good man, of many accomplishments, and after kissing her on the cheek, leaves with forgiveness in his heart. Upon his arrival back at the Elkins home, Antwone is stunned to be proudly welcomed by his many relatives, who have prepared a feast for him. When he returns to Coronado, Antwone cheerfully informs Davenport that he is not a virgin any longer, and tells him that he was right about seeking out his family. In turn, Davenport relates that when he and his wife discovered they could not have children, he obtained the best psychiatric help for Berta, but he shut down emotionally. It was not until Antwone entered his life that Davenport came alive again, and the commander thanks Antwone, his surrogate son, for helping him become a better doctor and husband.

A Sample Essay Or Outline Is Better Than an Outline

A Sample Essay Or Outline Is Better Than an OutlineA sample essay and outline for students of philosophy are one of the best ways to introduce concepts such as reason, evidence, and reasoning. In a future post I will discuss how you can approach these topics. At this point, I want to briefly explain the difference between an outline and a sample essay.An outline, or document, is a well-crafted document that outlines the rest of the assignment in detail. Often, it is preceded by a sample essay. In the next paragraph, I will describe the differences between an outline and a sample essay.An outline is a comprehensive plan for writing the essays and for evaluating each assignment. The outline may also contain tips on how to be successful with your writing. An outline will not substitute for practice, but rather is a means to improve your work. Although I generally do not favor one over the other, I will mention some advantages of an outline for now.First, the outline is a way to organize and group your work. Writing an outline may also make it easier to determine the proper order of the essay. Moreover, when writing an outline, the student will need to focus on a single topic at a time. He or she will have less time and energy devoting to struggling to come up with the ideas for the entire paper.Second, an outline will give the student an idea of what type of writing they should be doing. In my opinion, because I am a freelance instructor, I usually prefer to work from an outline. However, it will depend on the student's personality.Finally, a sample essay is a better way to introduce students to the area. It is more like a lesson plan for students to follow, and it is also more complete than an outline. I will discuss these aspects in my next post.In the meantime, if you are planning to write an outline, I highly recommend that you use a sample essay. Do not stress about trying to beat out your assignments, you can always fall back on an outline.

Biochemistry Problems and Solutions Essay Example

Biochemistry Problems and Solutions Paper Because the rise per residue in an a helix is 1. K the length is 477 A (318*1. 5). (b) Eighteen residues in each strand (40 minus 4 divided by 2) are in a ; sheet conformation. Because the rise per residue is the length is 63 A. 2. Contrasting isomers . Poly-L-Lucien in an organic solvent such as dioxide is a-helical, whereas poly-l_-silencing is not, Why do these amino acids with the same number and kinds to atoms have different helix-forming tendencies? Mans: The methyl group attached to the carbon of silencing statically interferes with a helix formation. In Lucien, this methyl group is attached to the y carbon atom, which is farther from the main chain and once does not interfere. 3. Active again A mutation that changes an Elaine residue in the interior of a protein to a valise is found to lead to a loss of activity. However, activity is regained when a second mutation at a different position changes an silencing residue to a glycerin. How might this second mutation lead to a restoration Of activity? Mans: The first mutation destroys activity because valise occupies more space than Elaine, and so the protein must take a different shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second mutation restores activity because of a compensatory reduction of volume; glycerin is smaller than silencing. 4 Shuffle test (! Ã'Ÿi) . An enzyme that catalysts disulfide-slothfully exchange reactions, called protein disulfide isomerism (POI, has been isolated. Inactive scrambled ribonucleic is rapidly converted into enigmatically active ribonucleic by POI. In contrast, insulin is rapidly inactivated by POI. What does this important observation imply about the relation between the amino acid sequence of insulin and its three-dimensional structure? Mans: The native conformation of insulin is not the thermodynamically most stable form. Indeed, insulin is forgone from pro- insulin, a single-chain precursor containing 33 additional residues. In pro-insulin, side 30 of the future B-chain of insulin is linked to the residue I of the future A-chain. S. Stretching a target (?Evil*-K-) A protease is an enzyme that catalysts the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of target proteins. How might a protease bind a target protein so that its main chain becomes fully extended in the vicinity of the vulnerable peptide bond? Mans: A segment of the main chain of the protease could hydrogen-bonded to the main chain Of the substrate to form an extended parallel or anti-parallel pair of strands. 6. Often irreplaceable Glycerin is a highly conserved amino acid residue in the evolution Of proteins. Why? Mans: Glycerin has the smallest side chain Of any amino acid. Its smallness often is critical in allowing polypeptide chains to make tight turns or to approach one another closely. 7. Potential partners . Identify the groups in a protein that can form hydrogen bonds or electrostatic bonds with an argentine side chain at pH 7. Mans: Glutamate, separate. The terminal carbonyl group can form salt bridges with the guanidine group of argentine. In addition, this group can be a hydrogen bond donor to the side chains of glutamine, aspirating, serine, throne, separate, and glutamate, and the main chain carbonyl. 8. Permanent waves . The shape Of hair is determined in part by the patterns of disulfide bonds in keratin, its major protein. How can curls be induced? Mans Disulfide bonds in hair are broken by adding a Athol and applying gentle heat. The hair is curled, and an oxidation agent is added to re-form disulfide bonds to stabilize the desired shape. Chapter 02 Exploring Proteins I _ Valuable reagents (E ?tit*J) . The following reagents are often used in protein chemistry: CNR Trying Dabs chloride urea Phenyl stationmaster AN HCI Performer acid ;-merchantable Inn hydride Chemotherapy Which one is the best suited for accomplishing each of the following tasks? A) Determination of the amino acid sequence of a small peptide. (b) Identification of the mainterminal residue of a peptide (of which you have less than O. 1 peg). (c) Reversible denomination of a protein devoid of disulfide bonds. Which additional reagent would you need if disulfide bonds were present? D) Hydrolysis Of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side Of lysine and aromatic residues. (e) Cleavage of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of Mennonite. (f) Hydrolysis Of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side Of lysine and argentine residues. Mans: (a) Phenyl stationmaster. (b) Dandys chloride or dabs chloride. (c) Urea; p- recreational to reduce disulfide. (d) Chemotherapy. (e) CNR. (n Trying 2. Acid-base relations What is the ratio of base to acid at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for an acid with a peak of 6? Mans: 0. 01, 0. 1, 1. 10, and 100. 3. Finding an end . Anhydrous hydrazine (4) has been used to cleave peptide bonds in proteins. What are the reaction products? How might this technique be used to identify the carbonyl-terminal amino acid? Mans: Each amino acid residue, except the carbonyl-terminal one, gives rise to a hydrazine on reacting with hydrazine. The carbonyl-terminal residue can be identified because it yields a free amino acid. . Crafting a new breakthrough Ethylenes reacts with cytosine side chains in proteins to for S-inanimately derivatives. The peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of these modified cytosine residues are susceptible to hydrolysis by trying. Why? Mans: The S-indiscriminately side chain resembles that of lysine. The only difference is a sulfur atom in place of a methyl group. 5. Spectrometry . The absorbency A Of a solution is defined as A = log 10 (10/1) In Which 10 is the incident light intensity and I is the transmitted light intensity. The absorbency is related to the molar absorption coefficient (extinction efficient E (in CM. L WI), concentration c (in M), and path length (in CM) by The absorption coefficient of mycologist at Mann is 15000 CM. L WI . What is the absorbency of a elm/ml solution across a I-CM path? What percentage of the incident light is transmitted by this solution? Mans: A elm/ml solution of mycologist (1 7. kid) corresponds to 5. Xx-S M. The absorbency to a I-CM path length is 0. 84, which corresponds to an 10/1 ratio of 6. 96, Hence 144% of the incident light is transmitted. 6. A slow mover . Transmission, a 93-kid muscle protein, sediments more slowly than does hemoglobin (asked). Their sedimentation efficient are ASS and 4. AS respectively. Which structural features of transmission accounts for its slow sedimentation? Mans Transmission is rod shaped, whereas hemoglobin is approximately spherical. 7. Sediments spheres _ What is the dependence of the sedimentation coefficient S of a spherical protein on its mass? How much more rapidly does an 80-kid protein sediment than does a 40-kid protein? Mans: The frictional coefficient f as well as the mass m determines S. Specifically, f is proportional to r. Hence, figs proportional to ml and so S is proportional to mm/3. An 80-kid spherical protein sediments 1. 9 times as rapidly as a 40- kid spherical protein. 8 Size estimate . The relative electrophoresis nobilities off 30-kid protein and a 32-kid protein used as standards on an SO- polysaccharide gel are 0. 80 and 0. 41 , respectively. What is the apparent mass Of a protein having a mobility of 0. 2 on this gel? Mans: kid. (plotting the mobility against the value Of log MM Of the two known proteins, and then find the apparent amass of the unknown protein) 9. A new partnership? ) The gene encoding a protein with a single disulfide bond difference undergoes a mutation that changes a serine residue into a cytosine residue. You want to find out whether the disulfide pairing in this mutant is the same as in the original protein. Propose an experiment to directly answer this question, Mans: The positions of disulfide bonds can be determined by diagonal electrophoresis. The disulfide pairing is unaltered by the mutation if the off-diagonal peptides forded from the native and mutant proteins are the same. 10, Helix-coil transitions (a) Circular diachronic measurements have shown that poly-L-lysine is a random coil at pH but becomes a-helical as the pH is raised above I C. Account for this pH-dependent conformational transition. B) Predict the pH dependence of the helix-coil transition of poly-L-stimulate. Mans: (a) Electrostatic repulsion between positively charged E-amino groups prevents a-helix formation at pH 7. At pH 10, the side chains become depredation, allowing a-helix formation. (b)Poly-L-glutamate is a random coil at pH 7 and becomes a-helical below pH 4. 5 because the V-carboxylic groups become propionate. 11. Sorting cells . Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACTS, is a powerful technique for separating cells according to their content of particular molecules. For example, a fluorescent-labeled antibody specific for a cell-surface protein an he used to detect cells containing such molecules. Suppose that you want to isolate cells that possess a receptor enabling them to detect bacterial degradation products. However, you do not yet have an antibody directed against this receptor. Which fluorescent-labeled molecule would you prepare to identify such cells? Mans: A fluorescent-labeled derivative of a bacterial degradation product (e. G. A fermentation peptide) would bind to cells containing the receptor of interest. 12. Mirror images (skis#) . Suppose that a protease is synthesized by the solid-phase method from D rather than L amino acids. How would the sedimentation, electrophoresis and circular diachronic properties of this enzyme compare with those of the native form? What prediction can you make about the relation of peptide substrates of the D and L enzymes? Mans: The sedimentation and electrophoresis properties of the L enzyme and the mirror-image D form would be the same. The circular dichotomies spectra would have the same magnitude but Of opposite sign because the two Structures have opposite stew- sense. Peptide substrates that are mirror images of one another would be cleaved at the same rate by the L and D enzymes. 13. Peptides on a chip Large numbers of different peptides can be synthesized in a small area on a solid support. This high-density array can then be probed With a fluorescent-labeled protein to find out which peptides are recognized. The binding of an antibody to an array of 1024 different peptides occupying a total area of a thumbnail. How would you synthesize such a peptide array? (Hint: use light instead of acid to depreciate the terminal amino group in each round of synthesis). Mans: Light was used to direct the synthesis these peptides. Each amino acid added to the solid support contained a obtainable protecting group instead of t-Boca protecting group at its a-amino group. Illumination of selected regions of the solid support led to the release of the protecting group, which exposed the amino groups in these sites to make them reactive. The pattern of masks used in these illuminations and the sequence of reagents define the ultimate products and their locations. Chapter 03 DNA and RNA: Molecules of Heredity Complements . Write the complementary sequence ( in the standard 5 -?3 notation) (a) GOTCHA Mans: (a) TACT ( b) TACT (b) GTAG (c) ACTING (d) TACT and (d) TAIGA 2. Compositional constraint The composition (in mole fraction units) f one of the strands of a double-helical DNA is [A] = 0. 0 and [G] =024 (a) What can you say about [T] and [C] for the same strand? (b) What can you say about [A], [T], and [C) of the complementary strand? Mans: (a) -0. 46 (b) [C] and -0. 46 3. Lost DNA DNA) . The DNA Of a deletion mutant Of A bacteriologic has a length of PRNG instead of 17 GM. How many bas pairs are missing from this mutant? Mans: 5882 base pairs 4. An unseen pattern What result would Mesons and Stall have obtained if the replication of DNA were conservative (i. E. , the parental double helix stayed together)? Give the expected distribution of DNA molecules after 1. And 2. Generations for conservative replication. Mans: In conservative replication, after 1. 0 generation, one half of the molecules would be INN-INN, the other half INN-INN. After 2. 0 generations, one quarter of the molecules would be INN-INN, the other three quarters IAN-INN. Hybrid 14 N-SIN molecules would not be observed in conservative replication. 5. A fortunate circumstance Griffith used heat-killed S pneumatic to transform R. Mutants. Studies years later showed that the double-stranded DNA is needed for efficient transformation and that high temperatures melt the DNA double helix. Why were Griffith experiments breathless successful? Mans: The DNA reentered when the heat-killed pneumatic were cooled before they were injected into mice. 6. A matter Of competence Strains of Bacillus subsists that can be transformed by foreign DNA are termed competent. Others, termed incompetent, are insusceptible to transformation. How might theses strains differ from each other? Mans: Incompetent strains may not be able to take up DNA Alternatively, they may have potent deoxyribonucleic, or they may not be able to integrate fragments of DNA into their genome. 5 7. A propitious choice . Bacteriologic MUM infects E. Coli differently room the way bacteriologic T 2 does, The MI 3 protein coat is removed in the inner membrane of the bacterial cell, where it is sequestered and subsequently used for the development of progeny DNA_ Why would MI 3 have been much less suitable than TO was for the experiments carried out by Hershey and Chase? Mans: In the Hershey-Chase experiment, ASS-Babied T 2 viral proteins did not become incorporated into infected cells. The labeled viral proteins were found in the supernatant when infected cells were centrifuged. In contrast, MI 3 proteins become embedded in the inner membrane of infected cells; they would appear in he pellet rather than the supernatant after centrifugation. Hershey and Chase would not have been able to separate MI? Into genetic and nonmagnetic parts, as they did for TO_ 8. Tagging DNA DNA) . (a) Suppose that you want to radioactively label DNA but not RNA in dividing and growing bacterial cells. Which radioactive molecule would you add to the culture medium? (b)Suppose that you want to prepare DNA in Which the backbone phosphorus atoms are uniformly labeled with APP. Which precursors should be added to a solution containing DNA polymerase and primed template DNA? Specify the position of the radioactive atoms in these precursors. Mans: (a) titrated thymine or titrated thymine. (b) adapt, get, duct, and http labeled with APP in the innermost (a) phosphorus atom, 9. Finding a template A solution contains polymerase and the MGM+ salts of ADAPT, get, duct and http. The DNA molecules listed below are added in aliquots of this solution. Which of them would lead to DNA synthesis? (a) A single-stranded closed circle containing COO nucleotide units. B) A double stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide pairs. (c) A single-stranded closed circle of 1000 nucleotide base paired to a linear strand of SO nucleotide with a free 3-OH terminus. D) A double-stranded linear molecule of 1000 nucleotide pairs with a free 3 OH at each end. Mans: Molecules (a) and (b) would not lead to DNA synthesis because they lack a 3-OH group (a primmer Molecule (d) has a free 3-OH at one end of each strand but no template strand beyond. Only (c) would lead to DNA synthesis. 10. The right start . Suppose that you want to assay reverse transcripts activity. If plenipotentiary is the template in the assay, What should you use as the primer? Which radioactive nucleotide should you use to follow chain elongation? Mans: A declaratively electioneered should be used s the primer. The poly (A) template specifies the incorporation of EDT; hence, radioactive http should be used in the assay. 11. Essential degradation . Reverse transcripts has ribonucleic activity as well as polymerase activity. What is the role of its ribonucleic activity? Mans: The ribonucleic serves to degrade the RNA strand, a necessary step in forming duplex DNA 6 from the RNA-DNA hybrid. 2. Virus hunting . You have purified a virus that infects turnip leaves, Treatment of a sample with phenol removes viral proteins. Application to the residual material to scraped leaves results in the formation to progeny iris particles. You infer that the infectious substance is a nucleic acid, propose a simple and highly sensitive means of determining whether the infectious nucleic acid is DNA or RNA_ Mans: treat one aliquot of the sample with ribonucleic and another with deoxyribonucleic Test these nuclease-treated samples for ineffectively 13. Mutagen consequences Spontaneous denomination of cytosine bases in DNA occurs at low but measurable frequency. Cytosine is converted to oracular by loss of its amino group. After this conversion, which base pair occupies this position in each of the daughter strands resulting from one mound of replication? Two rounds of replication? Mans: Denomination changes the original GO base pair into a GIG pair. After one round Of replication, one daughter duplex will contain a GO pair, and the other duplex an A-U pair. After NON rounds Of replication, there would be two GO pairs, one AU pair, and one A- T pair. 4. Eons ago . The atmosphere of the primitive earth before the emergence of life contained NZ NH, H2O, HCI, CO. And H2O. Which of these compounds is the most likely precursor of most of the atoms in adenine? Why? Mans: Hydrogen cyanide. Adenine can be viewed as a pentameter of HCI. 15. Information content a) How many different 8. Mere sequences of DNA are there? B) How many bits of information are stored in an 8-Mere DNA sequence? In the E. Coli genome? In the human genome? C) Compare each of these values with the amount of information that can be stored on a personal computer diskette. A byte is equal to 8 bits. Mans: (a) 48=65536, In computer terminology, there are ASK 8-mere of DNA. (b) A bit specifies two bases (say, A and C) and a second bit specifies the other two (G and T), Hence, two bits are needed to specify a single nucleotide (or base pair) in DNA For example, 00, 01, 10, and 11, could encode A, C, G, and T. An 8-Mere stores 16-bits (216=65536), the E. Coli genome I Cab) stores chick bits, and the human genome (2. Xx bases) stores 5. 8* 109 bits of genetic information. (c) A high-density diskette stores about I . 5 megabytes, Vichy is equal to I . Chick bits. A large number of 8-Mere sequences could be stored on such a diskette. The DNA sequence Of E. Coli, once known, could be written on a single diskette. Nearly 500 diskettes would be needed to record the human DNA sequence. Chapter 04 Plow Of Genetic Information 1. Key polymerases . Compare DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase from E. Oil in regard to each Of the following features: (a) Activated precursors. (b) Direction of chain elongation. (c) Conservation of the template. (d) Need for a primer. Mans: (a) Deoxyribonucleic troposphere versus ribonucleic troposphere. (b) 5 , 3 tort both. C) Semiconscious tort DNA polymerase l, conserved for RNA polymerase. (d) DNA polymerase needs a primer, whereas RNA polymerase does not. 2. Encoded sequences (a) Write the sequence of the Mrs. molecule synthesized from a DNA template strand having the sequence 5-ATTACKING-3 (b) What amino acid sequence is encoded by the following base sequence of an RNA molecule? Assume that the reading frame starts at the 5 end. 5 UlJGCCUAGUGAUUGGAUG-3 (c) What is the sequence of the polypeptide formed on addition of poly (ILIAC) to a cell free protein synthesizing system? Mans: (a) 5-SAGACIOUS-3; (b) Lee-Pro-seer-Asp-Trip-Met. C) Poly (Lee-Lee- Thru-Try) 3. A tougher chain RNA is readily hydrolysis by alkali, whereas DNA is not. Why? Mans: The 2-OH group in RNA acts as an intermolecular catalyst. In the alkaline hydrolysis of RNA, it forms a 2, 3- cyclic intermediate. 4. A potent How does correction (X) (3 dissensions, 3 -EN, BE) block the synthesis of RNA? Mans: Correction terminates RNA synthesis. An RNA chain containing correction lacks a 3-OH group. 5. Silent RNA (In RNA) . The code word EGG could not be deciphered in the same way as was LOLLS, ICC, and AAA because poly (G) does not act as a template. Poly (G) forms a triple-stranded helical structure. Why is it an ineffective template? Mans: Only single-stranded RNA can serve as a template for protein synthesis. 6. Two from one( -? Z). Shoran synthesized by organic- chemical methods two complementary deconstructionists, each with nine residues: d (TACT)3 and d (GTAG)3. Partially overlapping duplexes that formed on axing these elocutionists then served as templates for the synthesis by DNA polymerase of long, repeating double helical DNA chains. The next step was to obtain long plenipotentiaries chains with a sequence complementary to only one of the two DNA strands. How did he obtain only poly (LAG) Only poly (GUY)? Mans: Incubation with RNA polymerase and only LIT, TAP, and ACT led to the synthesis Of only poly (LILAC). Only poly (GILA) was formed when GET was used in place of ACT. 7. Back to the bench . A protein chemist told a molecular geneticist that he had found a new mutant hemoglobin in Which separate replaced lysine. The molecular geneticist expressed surprise and sent his friend scurrying back to the laboratory. (a) Why was the the molecular geneticist dubious about the reported amino acid substitutions? B) Which amino acid substitution would have been more palatable to the molecular geneticist? Mans: (a) A code for lysine cannot be changed to one for separate by the mutation of a single nucleotide. (b) Rag. Assn, Glen, Lie, Met, or Thru. B. Triple entendre . The RNA transcript of a region offs phage DNA contains the sequence 5-?MANAGUA-3. This sequence encodes three different polypeptides, What are they? Mans: A peptide terminating with Lays (CIA is a stop code), -Assn-Glue-, and -Met- Raga_ Valuable synonyms . Proteins generally have low contents of Met and Trip, intermediate ones of His and Sys, and high ones of Lee and Seer. What is the relationship between the number of godsons of an amino acid and its frequency of occurrence in proteins? What might be the selective advantage of the relation? Mans: Highly abundant amino acid residues have the most godsons (e. G. Lee and Seer each have six), whereas the least abundant ones have the fewest (Met and Trip each have only one). Degeneracy allows (a) variation in base composition and b) decreases the likelihood that a substitution of a base will change the encoded amino acid. Fifth degeneracy were equally distributed, each of the 20 amino acids would have three godsons. Benefits (a) and (b) are maximized by assigning more godsons to prevalent amino acids than to less frequently used ones. 10. A new translation A transfer RNA With a GU indication is enigmatically conjugated to ICC-labeled cytosine. The cytosine unit is then chemically modified to Elaine. The altered Nicolay-tarn is added to a protein- synthesizing system containing normal components except for this tarn. The Mrs. added to this mixture contains the following sequence: 5-UUUUGCCAUGUUUGUGCU-3 What is the sequence of the corresponding irredeemable peptide? Mans: Pee. Sys. His-Vial-Ala-Ala 11. Fire and ice (*SAA) . Valise is specified by four godsons. How might the relative frequencies of their usage in an alga isolated from a volcanic hot spring differ trot those of an alga isolated trot an Antarctic bay? Mans: GU and GUY are likely to be used more by the algae from the hot springs to increase the melting temperature of its DNA 12. Eons apart The amino acid sequences off yeast protein and human protein carrying out the same function are found to be 60% identical.

buy custom American Business Culture essay

buy custom American Business Culture essay The research has focused on determining the similarities in attitudes and beliefs that are culture specific. These attitudes are studied in relation to work related attitudes, consumption patterns and other essential aspects. One significant study in this direction was directed towards international students in the United States. The study focused on the challenges that international students in universities of the USA experience due to the differences in culture. Some of the challenges are also caused by language differences. The researchers had 200 interviews with students from 35 countries in eleven universities. The results showed that the experiences for international students differ from those of local students in varied ways. International students were found to have less informed and lonely lives. The second aspect off their difficulties was in relation to the communication barriers in English one. Factors in relation to cultural identity also result in significant differences in interactions for international and local students. In a study on American business culture, a sample group of 17 international students was taken from two Texas state universities. The sample group consisted of non-United States students enrolled in a managerial communication course at the graduate level. However, the data collection method used in this survey was focused on group discussions. The students were selected from three graduate level courses and were facilitated in the focus group discussions by staff members who were not their instructors. Each focus group or the study consisted of 4-6 students. The focus group was meant to ensure efficiency in expressing their views, which would be difficult to express in writing. Despite the advantages of the research and methods being used, the study included an unusually small sample that would prevent generalization of the findings for all international students. The focus of the study was international students in United States universities, which differs from the focus of the current study. The questions asked were meant to enable the researchers to understand how the classroom experience could be improved for the international students (Hynes, Hill Johnson, 2011). The perceptions of students about business culture may differ from those of working individuals; thus the findings are not applicable at the organizational level. The current study overcomes this weakness by using stratified samples for the study. The respondents were selected from university students taking a course in international business studies and a sample group of employees. A similar study was conducted to identify the most prevalent business practices in India. It was also aimed at determining the top ten most significant characteristics of a productive and effective organization. The first portion of the study was made up of the current management practices in Indian organizations. This relied on the observations and experiences of the respondents. The subjects have to rate a list of fifteen management practices according to their observations of what is typical practice in India. The responses involved in the study were on a five-point scale to ease the decisions for the respondents in answering them. The second part of the study involved the ideal management practices for the respondents. This is the subjective ranking of ten most significant organizational aspects from a list of thirty. The study involved 64 members of the professional, business community from MBA programs. The sample consisted of 59 students while the rest were faculty members fro m two academic institutions in Bangalore. This study involved students and faculty members and was essential in analyzing potential differences between the perceptions of the students and faculty members. The absence of significant differences enabled the sample to be analyzed as a homogenous group (Mathew Kumar, 2005). This study was effective in using both students and faculty in order to determine variations in their perceptions about business culture in India. The ratings on perceptions of the respondents were essential in determining what they think about the business culture of Indian organizations. This study offered significant insight into the management practices of Indian organizations and the ideals that the respondents believe the organizations should portray. However, this study did not analyze the strategies and methods used by the respondents in handling changes in business culture. Aspects such as travelling, and learning a new language are essential in todays business culture due to globalization. This study failed to consider that aspect because it was not focusing on that one. Schwartzs study was focused on determining the significance of the value concept in human relations. The survey was used to test the revised theory of dynamic structures of value relations. The survey was essential in measuring the value priorities of people. Based on the motivational goals defining each of the universal value types, the researchers selected values that would be used to represent each type from among all the values the goal. The survey considered values developed in other studies on other cultures such as Rokeach 1973. The study had eleven value types and 56 values, which were selected as suitable for the survey. For each value type included in the survey, both terminal and instrumental values were selected. In the selection of the values, those having clear motivational goals were given preference. However, other values related to multiple goals were included when they were presumed to be particularly influential in many cultures (Schwartz, 1992). Testing universality of the hypothesized value types and the relations among them required a set of samples that was maximally diverse in terms of language, culture, and geographical region. The samples were from twenty different countries, which consisted of people from 13 languages, atheists, and adherents of 8 leading world religions. Most of the samples in the study were from two occupational groups of schoolteachers and university students. However, four samples consisted of adults with varied occupations. The meanings of values for most part of the survey were assumed similar for samples from the same culture irrespective of age. In each country that was involved in the survey, the researchers had to collect responses from a sample of 200 teachers in grade 4-10. The teachers had to be from type of school system that handles the largest proportion of children in the country. Teachers were selected due to their significance in value socialization because of their role as carriers of culture (Schwartz, 1992). Green and Langeard (1975) conducted a cross-national survey on innovator characteristics and consumer habits. The research instruments used for the different countries were varied in order to ensure collection of adequate and accurate data. The United States sample consisted of 193 women from Dallas and San Antonio that were randomly selected. Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection in the United States portion of the survey. 226 women from Aix-en-Provence were included in the French sample. However, due to the reluctance of most French people to participate in mail surveys, the questionnaires had to be delivered and collected by research assistants. Stratified sampling was used in selecting the French sample in order to ensure comparability with the United States sample. The objective of the sampling method applied was to ensure that the French sample would bear a relationship to the French population in relation to demographics of education, income, age, and employment status. The relationship between the United States sample and the United States population had to be at par with the relation between the French sample and the French population. The survey requested information on purchase of 8 retail services and 15 grocery related products. A cross sectional method was used to classify innovators from the two samples. The method was based on the number of items purchased by each respondent or the number of items and services used from the list of retail services and grocery products. It was essential in determining the characteristic from the two cultures based on the variations in their spending habits and information gathering methods. The GLOBE study of 62 societies was a survey that utilized respondents from different cultures to study different aspects of culture, leadership, and organizations. The study was interested in understanding culture as it relates to leadership in the major regions of the world. The information was collected from middle level managers from three key industries in the economy: telecommunication services, financial services, and food processing industries. The study was conducted over a period of 10 years from 1993 to 2003 by 170 interviewers from a 735-item questionnaire. The entire sample for the survey was 17,300 mid-level managers from the three selected industries divided into 10 regions. The managers involved in the interview were selected from 951 organizations (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, 2004). The team of interviewers led by House included 170 management scholars called country co-investigators or CCIs. The study established how the leadership dimensions of cultura l leadership theory vary in relation to the nine cultural leadership theory cultural dimensions across the 10 regions. A survey on behavior and culture was conducted on De Nederlansche Bank in 2011. The study focused on increasing financial supervision by studying business culture and behavior. The paper reviewed literature on organizational psychology in order to understand the pitfalls in relation to decision-making and leadership that have to be avoided. The review focused on issues such as overconfidence, dominance, and superfluous optimism, which may affect an organization and its employees negatively (Haan Jansen, 2011, p. 6). This is because they reduce the ability of the leader to recognize flaws in his or her leadership or in the team. Hofstede et al, 1990 cited in (Haan Jansen, 2011, p. 13) indicates that in-depth interviews would be efficient in collecting information from ten organizations in Netherlands and Denmark. The team obtained 180 interviews for the study with survey questionnaires used in order to verify the information. The survey was focused on determining business culture in the organizations. The employees surveyed during the study are diverse in relation to their fields of expertise, years of experience, and their having worked internationally. This is essential in providing variety in the responses in order to capture variations based on the job types and other aspects of individual employees. It also captures the strategies used by employees in gathering information about countries where they travel to, as well as what they think is the most essential aspect to learn about their destination countries. This provides information on the ideal information that they would require about a country before visiting and the available sources for the information. This survey also provides essential information on the timing for learning about a country in order to determine the level of dedication and information search. The survey also provides information on the socialization aspect of international business culture such as involving small talk with foreign business partners. This is essential in capturing whether employees are involved in practice and their reasons for involvement or lack of involvement. This shows whether language barriers or perceptions about time management have a significant effect on international business culture for the employees. This survey uses responses from students in graduate degree programs. These students are suitable for the study because most of them have work experience. The survey in this study utilizes primary data from students in international business course and employees from Phoenix Contact, which is an international company headquartered in Blomberg, Germany. The company operates in different fields of engineering and technology such as software development, electronics, and security. It has production sites in different countries such as Brazil, China, and Poland among others. The number of employees being surveyed is 100 people from different divisions of the company. The business students were from an international business studies course from the University of Paderborn in Germany. The students involved in the study were mainly studying economics and two foreign languages either Spanish and English or English and French. The surveys will be analyzed comprehensively in the following section to highlight the differences in the findings for two surveys. The impact of business culture on business is significant and takes place on different levels such as international and domestic ones. This is because of the clash of cultures occurring in business situations and causing inefficiency in international business. A survey on the perceptions of the respondents about the issue of business culture is essential because it sheds light on the operation of the multicultural market place in international business. Studies on business culture focus on communication, and the way to handle cultural conflict in international business. By providing organizations with tolls to communicate effectively across different cultures, organizations increase their success at the international market. By looking at German culture, it is essential to determine the areas of culture that professionals working in other countries may find different. Issues such as time management, interpersonal communication, and socialization have a significant influence on business performance. These issues also differ across organizations and countries due to the effect of national culture on business operations. The impact of business culture on interpersonal relationships in the office is significant with significant differences across countries. This is influenced by the differences in areas such as beliefs, values, norms, manners, and etiquette. These differences can result in misunderstanding within the organization and poor communication. The company survey is essential in enabling the understanding of the different aspects of business culture within the organization as well as other essential aspects of international business such as a foreign language and conducting business over the telepho ne. The survey on company employees provides significant insight on the variations in business based on the career of the individual and years of experience that they have in the company. The perceptions about business culture differ and have a significant effect on individual willingness to travel, how long they are willing to work abroad and their most suitable destinations. Innovations in communication such as teleconferencing have reduced the need to travel for business in many instances, thus reducing the cost of international business. However, understanding of the colleagues business culture is essential in ensuring efficiency in the business operations. The effort required in conducting international business over the phone is essential in the performance of the organization. This section focuses on the questionnaire used in the n company survey. The section is dedicated to providing an understanding of why it is necessary to ask interviewees about their travelling habits and communication skills among other things. The first segment of the questionnaire requires general information such as gender and previous work experience abroad. This section provides the respondent with a chance to highlight the differences experienced in business culture while working abroad. This section of the questionnaire would be essential in determining the variations in perception of business culture. These variations may also differ in relation to the employment type, the area of expertise and the purpose of employment in the international company. Travel is an essential aspect of international business and any individual working in an international company has to be willing to travel. Therefore, the willingness to travel has to be considered in understanding the feelings of employees towards international business opportunities. Communication with business colleagues, clients and corporate visitors indicate interaction and engagement in multicultural settings. Employees have to understand foreign languages effectively in order to communicate with international colleagues or clients. Asking the clients to explain their use of telephone in business conversations indicates understanding of the foreign language. Therefore, asking the individual to indicate his or her level of proficiency in English enables the study in highlighting difficulty in conducting international business. The final section in the questionnaire focuses on business culture. The questions in the section provide an understanding of the issue of business culture in the organization. This is essential in determining whether dealing with international business acts as an incentive for employees to have an interest in other cultures. It also provides information on the perceptions of employees about improvements in international business operations based on the information about business culture. The responses from this section are also essential in showing the employees feelings towards foreign countries. This can be manifested in understanding the countries that respondents are interested in, and when they get the information required about the country. The strategy used in gathering information about the foreign country also offers insight into the interest that an individual has in the country. The effectiveness of the methods differs and it probably has a significant impact on the inform ation gathered by the respondent about the country. The responses for the in-company survey show that 79 % of the respondents were male while the other 21% were female. 73% of the respondents had not worked abroad before while the other 27% had experience in working abroad. The findings from the study show that there are significant differences in culture between Germany and the foreign countries where the respondents had worked before. In the study sample, 25% of the respondents noticed significant differences between German business culture and the business culture in the other countries compared to eight who felt that business culture abroad and in their home country was the same. The characteristics of the group that did not notice significant differences in culture were varied. One respondent was staying in the United States and Singapore for four months. Another respondent with similar views was being to Luxemburg and Switzerland for seven months. One more respondent had been to Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic for a week in e ach country. The distribution of the respondents showed that 45% of them were fully employed in the company with 46% being apprentices and 9% part-time employees. The apprentices and part time employees included the cooperative students working in different departments in the company. Most of the employees being interviewed worked in workshops (62 %). 24% of the respondents were office workers with some of them indicating that they worked both in office and workshops. The cooperative students worked in both the workshop and offices, although some regular employees also worked in both the workshops and the offices. This group may include middle level managers that are involved in operation of the machinery or supervision of the workshop employees. The responses about the purpose of seeking employment in the company indicate the significance of different factors. The responses show that the possibility of working abroad is not a significant incentive for the employees. Only 3% of the respondents in dicated it as their only reason for seeking employment with 12 % more using putting it in combination with other factors. Career opportunities are the main factor for the employees because 33% highlighting it as the only factor. 30% of the respondents highlighted employment opportunities in conjunction with other factors. A high salary rate was the second most significant incentive for the employees seeking work in the company with 19% occurrence rate. However, a significant portion of the employees indicated high salary and career opportunities to be their main incentives. This shows that most of the employees only view working abroad as a secondary benefit of working in the company. These findings comply with the employeesrsquo; willingness to travel. 30% of the employees were satisfied with working in Germany, and they were not looking to travel much during their career in the company. However, 30%, which is a significant number of the employees were willing to go on business tri ps because of the effect in their careers. 27% of the respondents were hoping to spend some time abroad while only 11% appreciated having any opportunities to travel abroad. This indicates that most people are not fond of jobs that require them to travel abroad, but they travel in order to advance their career by gaining international exposure. At least 52% of the respondents were willing to work abroad for one month or a shorter period; however, 25% of them were only willing to stay abroad on business trips for one week or one day. At least 39% of the employees were ready to stay in a foreign country for a period exceeding one month. In relation to the destination country, 25% of them were willing to travel to any country. This section of the question had 7 missing responses while 26% of the respondents were only willing to travel to fully developed countries. Other aspects of the foreign country such as language and culture were only considered as combinations, as opposed to single factors. The most significant combination in relation to the willingness to travel is that consisting of those employees who would want to travel to fully developed countries and countries with entirely different cultures. A significant proportion of the respondents felt that one should be capable of experiencing different cultures in their bus iness trips. 29% of the employees answered that they were willing to travel to countries with cultures that are quite different from their home country in combination with other factors. While most of the respondents indicated that telephoning was not part of their job, 14% of the employees being sampled indicated that they sometimes had to call people from other countries. Only 18% of the respondents had indicated that they only make business related phone calls within the country. Communication with colleagues and customers indicates that 31% of the respondents communicate with telephone calls abroad on different levels such as colleagues, international customers, and foreign representatives of the company. The other aspect of telephone conversation is the use of English in business communication. 57% of the respondents indicated that English is used in international business communication. This number excludes the respondents that did not answer the question. This question was only answered by the regular employees because it was assumed that the apprentices and cooperative students did not have to telephone in their work. Few of the respondents, only five, have e xcellent skills in English language, which indicates why most of them indicated only being capable of talking fluently about their departments, as opposed to the entire company operations. A significant proportion of the respondents indicated that they had difficulty in communicating in English. 6% of the respondents that answered the question also indicated that they required significant effort to communicate in English. In relation to the use of English in business phone conversations, 29% of the respondents indicated that they conducted phone conversations in English. Only 6% of the respondents indicated that they failed to use English in their business communications because of their English being poor. International business partners are a common site in this company with 80% of the respondents indicating that internal partners visit the company often. Small talk with the international partners was a prominent aspect in the study. This is because the employees may have to spend time with the international partners during their business trip. Socialization may be inevitable in such cases. However, in order to engage in small talk, the individual requires understanding of the partners language. It is also essential to determine common ground in relation to the topics discussed in the interaction. 46% of the study sample indicated that small talk was involved in the socializations. Twelve of the respondents felt that small talk would be wastage of time for themselves or for the business partners. 32% of the respondents indicated that their failure to involve small talk was because they were not sure which topics would be appropriate to discuss. This indicates a low level of knowledge in the culture of the business partners. Eleven respondents indicated that they failed to engage in small talk with the international partners because of their low skill level in using the English language. 9 of the sampled employees indicated that they lacked knowledge in the English language, and suitable topics to discuss with the partners. Globalization has a significant effect in the movement of culture and enabling people to learn about varied cultures. However, the results of this study show that 68% of the respondents have not dealt with business culture. This indicates a low level of preparedness for employees in handling international business. However, their interest in foreign cultures was high with 83% of the respondents indicating that they are interested in the cultures of other countries. Their interest in cultures of other countries is directly related to the expected increase in efficiency. 87% of the respondents hold the view that being informed about business culture would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business. Perceptions about the different cultures influence on the willingness of employees to travel. This indicates that individual interest has a significant effect on their willingness to learn the culture or go to the country for a business trip. 28% of the respondents indicated that their main interest would be the cultures of the countries that they had to visit. However, 8% of the respondents indicated that they would not find any culture interesting. 37% of the employees were interested in the culture of the country where the company has subsidiaries and those countries that they have to travel for business. Taking combinations of different factors in the decision, the results show that 16% of the respondents included their business travel destination in the countries whose cultures they were interested in. This is in combination with the cultures that have the largest difference in relation to culture. The other factor considered in this combination is the country where the company has a subsidiary. Information search in relation to the business culture of other countries is an essential aspect among professionals. 51% of the respondents indicated that they would learn about the culture a few weeks before the trip. 16% of the respondents indicated that they would learn about the culture right before the trip. Few respondents, eight, felt that the business culture of foreign countries should be learnt when the individual arrives in the country. A further 14% of the respondents indicated that learning business culture before a business trip is not necessary. This is because they felt that it is something the business professionals should know. Information search for foreign business culture can involve different sources that the employee considers being resourceful. Most of the respondents seemed to be comfortable getting information from their colleagues. Two respondents felt that reading a book about the country would be sufficient while six said they would not try to inform the mselves about it. A closer look into the data shows that 80% of the respondents would ask their colleagues about business culture of their destination country, although some would include other sources such as Google, reading a book, or focusing on pictures to get an idea of the common cultures. Google was chosen as an adequate information source by 74% of the respondents. This shows the significance of Internet in relaying information about business culture. Despite the many information sources available, 77% of the respondents indicated that they would appreciate a course on the business culture of a country before they went on business trips. 21% of the respondents would not appreciate a course in business culture of a country. This may indicate that they felt that their information sources such as colleagues or Google were sufficient. Association and Relationship among the Variables Cross tabulation of some of the aspects shows that employees working in the office were willing to travel abroad. Most of the workshop employees prefer to work in Germany compared to the office employees. The employees who were willing to spend time abroad because of their career were mainly office workers (50%). Most of the employees that were willing to travel abroad because it is advantageous for their careers were those who had indicated the career opportunities as the reason for their joining the company. Cross tabulation of gender and willingness to travel shows that there are significant variations between the observed and the expected values for the survey. Moreover, the chi-square tests show that the variations are insignificant. Since the significance values for the chi-square tests are all larger than 0.05, the two variables occur randomly without any significant correlations. Cross tabulation of the gender and the period for how long individuals are willing to work abroad shows that the significance values for the Chi-square tests are higher than 0.05. This means gender and period are uncorrelated variables indicating gender as being insignificant in the determination. The countries where the employees are willing to work are another essential aspect. This is because it may limit the ability of an individual to work abroad. The significance value for linear by linear association is 0.034, which indicates a level of correlation between them. Appreciation for a course in the comp any about business culture is not correlated with gender. The observed and expected values vary minimally indicating a low level of association. Inclusion of small talk with the corporate visitors is also not correlated with the gender of the employee. The significance values for this relationship are larger than 0.05 indicating that the relationship is insignificant. Previous career of the employee in relation to having worked abroad was cross tabulated with willingness of the individual to travel abroad for business. The observed and expected values for the variables in relation to the distribution of previous career differ significantly. The significance values for the chi-square tests are lower than 0.05 indicating a significant level of association. This means that previous career and willingness to travel occur differently from the hypothesized observations. Therefore, previous career is a significant determinant of the willingness of the individual to travel. Cross tabulation of the period that individuals are willing to work abroad and the individuals previous career shows significant variations between the observed and the expected values. Chi-square tests for the association show significance levels below 0.05, which means that there is a relationship between these variables. Test for association between the preferred destination for bus iness travel and previous career shows minimal variations between the observed and the expected. The significance values for the chi-square tests indicate that there is not any relationship between the variables. Proficiency in language use and previous career in cross tabulation show insignificant variations between the observed and expected values. The significance values for the chi-square tests show insufficient proof of an association. Previous career and appreciation for a course on business culture of a country before going is also not correlated. Thus, the chi-square tests show an insignificant relationship without correlation. Some of the reasons for not including small talk when dealing with corporate visitors are not knowing what to discuss, being poor in English, or not wanting to waste time. However, these factors are not correlated with previous career based on the chi-square tests. Experience of differences in business culture and willingness to travel shows significant variations between the observed and the expected. There is high likelihood of association because of the low significance values for the chi-square tests. The experienced differences in business culture abroad and how long individuals were willing to stay abroad were also tabulated. The tests showed significance values below 0.05 for likelihood ratio and the linear by linear association indicating a correlation. Cross tabulation of differences in business culture and the choice of country indicated an insignificant relationship. The case was similar for proficiency in English and appreciation for a course on business culture in the company. Position of the individual in the company was related to the willingness of the individual to travel and the period that the individual was willing to stay abroad. Proficiency of language use and inclusion of small talk show possible relationship to the position of the individual in the company. The differences in office and workshop employees were investigated to show association with different aspects of international business. There was significant association between the working place and the willingness to travel. However, association with the preferred period was insignificant. Choice of country was also not based on the department where the individual worked. The responses from the in-company questionnaires show that business culture in Germany and other countries differs significantly. This is because most of the respondents who have worked in other countries noticed variations in business culture. Most of the fully employed workers were willing to travel abroad for business in order to improve their career. However, they also vary in relation to their main incentive for working in the company. The possibility of working abroad proved to be insignificant in the decisions to join the company. Most of them were interested in the career opportunities and the salary that they earned from working there. This indicates that working abroad is an incentive that the employees did not view as being significant. Their willingness to go on business trips was based on the positive effect that the trips would have on their career. Their trips increase their experience and giving them international exposure. The duration of stay in the foreign country was another significant factor in the study sample. Only 39% of the employees were willing to stay in a foreign country for more than a month. This can be attributed to their minimal knowledge on the business culture of different countries and the communication limitations because of low knowledge of English. In relation to their choice of the country, most of the respondents indicated countries with cultures different from theirs as being their favored choice. 25% of the respondents were willing to travel to any country. The excitement of experiencing new cultures offers a significant incentive for employees to visit foreign countries. Therefore, the feeling that one should experience different cultures in a foreign country is significant among the employees. The employees engage in phone conversations with foreigners on different levels. Being that Phoenix Contact is an international company, the employees have to deal with international customers, colleagues and foreign representatives. International business conversations in the company are conducted with English indicating the need for employees to have a clear understanding of the language. However, their skills in using the language are not excellent, which hinders communication with foreign corporate visitors. Most of the respondents were only capable of talking about their departments with their English language skills being inadequate for expressing ideas about company operations. This indicates the changes in German business culture to incorporate international partners or clients through using English in their communications. Being that most of the respondents have not dealt with business culture before, it explains the low willingness to work abroad. The employees are not well prepared to handle international business. This is evident in the large number of employees who were unwilling to socialize informally with the foreign visitors. 32% of them failed to engage in small talk because they did not know what to discuss. Despite knowledge of English being a potential barrier, it was less significant in this situation than cultural information about the foreign country. This also highlights variations in both social culture and in business culture. Therefore, the company should formulate strategies for improving the employees knowledge about international business culture and the culture of the leading countries where it has partners or subsidiaries. Most of the employees who indicate that they have not dealt with business culture before mean that they are not adequately prepared for international business relations. Most of the employees believe that improving their knowledge of the business culture of different countries would improve efficiency. However, the employees also express a willingness to experience new cultures that are different from their home country. Most of the aspects studied in this survey had significant variations that are not random. This indicates variations in individuals perceptions about business culture. The employees who viewed the high salary scale as their main incentive preferred to work within Germany compared to other places. A chi-square test for some of the factors essential for the determination of business culture shows that most of the aspects do not conform to a hypothesized distribution. The hypothesized distribution in this case is that most of the aspects are equally distributed for the respondents. However, the responses for previous career conform to the hypothesized meaning because the significance level is above .05. This means other variables such as willingness to travel, core purpose of employment, how long one is willing to work abroad, proficiency in English, and appreciation for a course on business culture vary significantly across the study sample. Issues such as willingness to travel, and how long one is willing to work abroad are directly related to perceptions about business culture. Proficiency in English and appreciation for a course on business culture were associated with individuals who had a higher level of willingness to travel abroad. Therefore, the company can improve the willingness of the employees to work abroad by equipping them with adequate information. This information should include improving their competence in the language used in international business and improving their knowledge on business and social culture of different countries. Gender and the willingness to travel are not correlated although period of stay and the countries where the individuals are willing to travel are correlated to gender. Small talk and taking a course on business culture were also not based on gender. Previous career was significant aspect because it was correlated with willingness to travel and the period of work abroad. The other factors were not significantly correlated. Experience of differences in business culture in the foreign country was only correlated to the willingness to travel and the period of stay, other factors showing insignificant relationships. Position of the employee in the company was related with the willingness to travel. Proficiency of the individual in English and inclusion of small talk were also correlated with the position of the individual in the company. The survey at the university was the second part of the study. The university population was selected because of the variations in perceptions and experiences with the employees. The university students were undertaking international business studies. This means that the likelihood of the students having dealt with international business culture in their studies was high. It involved 100 students from the University of Paderborn in Germany. The main subjects being studied by the students were economics and foreign languages such as French, English, and Spanish. However, the students were only two of the languages, which meant either English and French or English and Spanish. The students were involved in one seminar for each language per semester and a course in cultural studies. The composition of the sample was 25% male and 75% female. Of the students who answered that they had dealt with business culture in the past, some of them were participating in an international communicatio ns courrse while others were attending a class on the United Kingdom and United States affairs. The university students are used in the study because of the variation in their perceptions and the level of preparedness in relation to business culture. Because of the increasing significance of business, culture in the globalized economy, studies on it are included in university education. Increased level of cultural awareness among the students may also present findings that are significantly different from those of the professionals. The significance of these aspects is bound to increase in the future; thus, understanding their impact on students is significant for future development in business programs in universities. The findings from the university sample may provide significant insight into the deficiencies in the employment arena, which might enable employers to formulate strategies that are more effective in informing employees about business culture. Despite the high level of cultural awareness, it is essential to recognize the differences in business culture resulting from lack of experience with foreign business partners, clients, or colleagues. This study will highlight such differences, if they exist. The questionnaire used in the university survey had some differences from the used ones in the in-company survey. The variations were made because of the variations in issues such as business experience and business travel to foreign countries. The gender of the respondent was essential because it would be used to determine whether understanding of business culture is related to gender. The future career of the respondent was another crucial factor in the survey. The question was meant to capture the intentions of the student after completion of studies. It indicates whether the student would want to work abroad, work in an international company, or a company that operates only in Germany. This highlights whether the student will interact with international business colleagues or customers, which indicates the importance of aspects such as an international language for the student. The willingness of the student to travel is another significant question, which is directly related to the plans of the student. The period that the individual is willing to work abroad varies depending on the perceptions of the student and his career plans. Travel destination where the students would be willing to travel is another essential aspect in the survey. This indicates the countries that interest the respondent most. It may also be shown to how the most significant factors for the respondent in going to a foreign country. The section of the questionnaire on business culture focuses on the current situation for the respondent as well as future issues. This is achieved by asking whether the student has dealt with business culture in university studies. This shows the level of preparedness that the university is offering the students for the international business world. Asking whether the student would be willing to learn more strengthens the previous questions and it will provide insight into the area that have a deficiency in university programs. The students also have a chance to indicate how they would like to learn the suggested topics about business culture. Are you interested in other countries culture? This question requires the respondent to whether he or she feels that there are aspects of other countries cultures that he or she would like to learn. The interest could be because the individual has connection with the other country or just wants to learn new things. This question is essential in determining the impact of increased cultural awareness and globalization on peoples willingness to learn other cultures. Asking for the students opinion on the effect of learning other cultures on international business is essential in indicating the significance of culture on business operations. It is widely believed that adequate knowledge of business culture increases business efficiency. This question aims to help the study in determining whether business study students hold this perception. The next question involves determining when the individual should collect information about business culture before going for a business trip. This shows the amount of time required for information search about business culture of the destination country. The information sources for business culture are also essential in this survey because they indicate the level of commitment by the individual who is searching for information. The final question focuses on the perceived need and appreciation for a course about the country before taking a business trip. The answers for the university questionnaire show that none of the students indicated his or her intention to work for a company that only operates in Germany. 64% of the respondents were hoping to work for an international company. However, a significant proportion of the sample (86%) indicated that they would be willing to work in an international company, and spend their time working abroad, works with an international company and were planning to apply abroad, or three factors being combined. Although a few of the respondents were planning to apply abroad for jobs or to work abroad, an international exposure is significant in their career choices because of their willingness to work in international companies. The willingness of the students to travel abroad for business trips was high in the sample. This is because only three respondents were hoping to work within Germany. The rest of the students indicated that they were willing to go to foreign countries on business although t he level of willingness was varied. Twenty-seven of them were willing to go on as many business trips as possible with twenty-six more looking forward to spend some time abroad. Forty-one percent of the students in the survey indicated that they were willing to stay abroad for three months. This is high compared to twenty-two who were only willing to stay for a day or a week. However, a significant number of the students indicated their willingness to stay in a foreign country on a business trip for an indefinite amount of time. Thirty-one students chose this response although some of them chose it in combination with other options. This indicates that they are willing to stay longer than the options available as long as it is beneficial for their career. 23% of the students indicated that they were only willing to visit fully developed countries. However, 75 % of the respondents were willing to visit fully developed countries among other factors such as differences in culture, language, and places about which the individuals know little. 26 respondents indicated that they would be willing to visit countries that are relatively poor although none indicated this as the only factor in their decision. The distribution of students that had dealt with business culture in their studies was fifty-fifty. This indicates that the university does not provide exposure to business culture for all students. Of those students that indicated having dealt with business culture, 16 of them had encountered it in their international communication classes. A significant number of them had encountered it while studying foreign languages such as French, English, or Spanish. This group consisted of 25 students with 24 of them taking English either alone or i n combination with French or Spanish. International culture management and business management were also highlighted as providing exposure to business culture for some students. Despite the exposure provided to business culture to the students, 91% of them wanted to learn more on business culture at the university. They indicated different aspects that they would like to learn such as business habits in different countries, culture, peoples way of doing things, negotiation, and how to deal with and differences in business culture between Germany and other countries such as India, China, and the United States. Interest in other countries among the students was high with 98% of them indicating their interest; furthermore, all students believed that being informed about business culture would increase efficiency in the conduct of business abroad. 60% of the students believed that learning about the business culture of a country should take a couple of weeks before the trip. 37%, which is a significant proportion of the students, believed that business culture is something that one should know. The number of students believing that it should be learnt when one i s already there was small, which indicates a need to prepare oneself adequately before going on a business trip. This indicates variations in business culture that they expect; thus, the need to get information before taking the trip. Information on this essential aspect of business can be gathered from different sources. None of the respondents indicated that he or she would not find information on business culture. 12 respondents selected Google as their only source with another 77 indicating they would use Google in combination with another source. Nineteen respondents indicated that they would focus on pictures to get an impression of the countrys culture, although it was selected in combination with other factors such as reading a book, asking a colleague, and other methods. 67 of the respondents indicated their intention to use Google and advice from colleagues as their most suitable information sources. However, some respondents indicated that they would use travel guides and documentaries as their main information sources on business culture about countries where they wanted to travel. 86% of the respondents indicated that they would appreciate a course provided by their companies on business culture before a trip. Some of the responses on what they would like to learn included business habits, how the business operates in the foreign country. Association between the Variables Associations between the different variables in relation to business culture show that the students who have dealt with business culture are willing to travel on business trips. Chi-square tests for the association between these two shows a significance value of 0.016 for the linear by linear association indicating a significant association between them. This means having dealt with business culture is correlated with theirwillingness to travel. Cross tabulation of the countries that the students would be willing to travel to, and having dealt with business culture shows a high level of association. This is because the likelihood ratio and the Pearson chi-square are less than 0.05. The variations between the expected distribution and the observed distribution are significant indicating that two do not occur randomly. Chi-square test for the association between how long one is willing to work abroad, and whether they have dealt with business culture shows insignificant association. Variations between the expected and observed values are minimal. The chi-square tests show significance values that are greater than 0.05, which indicates a lack of association. This means that two variables occur randomly. The time when one should find information about the business culture of a country where he or she has to go on a business trip is not associated with having dealt with business culture. This means that knowledge of business culture does not reduce the need to find information about a country before going on a business trip. The other essential aspect of the survey was to determine the effect of gender on some aspects of business culture such as willingness to travel abroad. The analysis shows that the values have minimal variations between the observed and expected values given the ratio of male to female respondents. The significance values from the chi-square tests show that there is not any relationship between these variables. This means that gender does not have effect on willingness to travel among the university students sampled. The countries where the respondents would be willing to travel correlate with the gender of the respondent. This is because the chi-square tests show significance values that are less than 0.05 for the Pearson Chi-square test, linear by linear association, and likelihood ratio. Gender is not correlated with how long an individual is willing to work abroad because the significance values are higher than .05 for all tests. This means the observed values and the expected va lues differ minimally indicating that they occur randomly. Although willingness to travel is associated with the large number of respondents that are interested in other cultures, there is no correlation between these two variables. This is because the significance values for all chi-square tests are significantly higher than 0.05 indicating insignificant relationship. General interest in other cultures does not have a significant correlation with the choice of countries that the students would be willing to go for business trips. The significance values for all the tests show that association in minimal. How long the students were willing to work abroad, is also unrelated to the students general interest in other cultures. The effect was the same in the test for the relationship between interest in other cultures and the point that one should seek information on other cultures. This means that the time taken searching for information regarding business culture of the country and an individuals interest in culture occur randomly. Future career and willingness to travel showed a high level of association. This is because of the low level of variability between the expected and the observed values of the different variables. The significance values derived from the chi-square tests is all below 0.05 indicating that there is a possible relationship between the future career of the respondents and their willingness to travel. This means that higher willingness to travel is associated with individuals willingness to work abroad after they complete their studies. On the issue of the countries where the individuals would want to travel, the relationship with future career is insignificant. This means that the preferences of individuals in relation to countries where they would want to travel is random. This means that the choice and preferences of countries that individuals would want to travel are dependent on other factors besides the expectation of the individual concerning future career. The test of association between future career and the period an individual is willing to work abroad shows different results. The chi-square tests show that the significance values for Pearson Chi-square and the linear by linear association are lower than 0.05. Individuals, who indicate a high willingness to work abroad in their future career, are likely to prefer to work longer abroad than other individuals who wish to work only in Germany. Most of the students being sampledindicated their interest in the cultures of other countries. They also indicated they would appreciate a course in the company about business culture of a country where they have to travel. However, chi-square tests show that the occurrence of the variables is random because the relationship between them is insignificant. All the significance values for this set of variables are larger than 0.05 indicating low significance. The association between appreciation for a course on business culture in the company and perceptions of individuals about business culture is inconclusive. This is because the question on whether the information on business culture aids in international business is a constant. This is because none of the respondents indicated that business culture does not aid in international business. The university survey shows that all respondents were hoping to work abroad although the duration and frequency of work abroad varies. Their responses indicate that international exposure at the workplace is essential in their careers and it is valued. Their willingness to travel abroad was also high. However, the duration of their working in foreign countries was variable with 50% of them looking forward to spending some time abroad or going on as many business trips as possible. Exposure provided for students in relation to culture has a significant effect on their preferences in countries for business trips. Most of them wanted to go to fully developed countries; however, a significant number was interested in culture and language differences. The university does not provide adequate exposure to business culture for the students because fifty percent indicated not having encountered the issues in their studies. Most of the students indicated having encountered it in international communication classes or foreign languages. Therefore, the university should include topics on international business culture in subjects taught to business students. This is essential in order to ensure that the students are adequately exposed to business culture in order to increase their competence in business. From the responses, it can be seen thatsome students had the opinion that the university was neglecting other critical business cultures and focusing on the United States and the United Kingdom. The students agreed that there was a need to prepare adequately before going to another country for a business trip. Few of them indicated that they would learn when they arrived where they were going. Internet is a significant source of information about different countries as shown by the survey. 77% of the students indicated Google as one of their source of information on business culture before going abroad. This shows that the students have embraced technology as a learning tool, but it may also indicate that they lack other adequate sources of information. Association tests between the willingness to travel and having dealt with business culture was significant. This indicates that teaching business culture would influence on willingness of the students to travel abroad. Having dealt with business culture also influences on the countries where the students are willing to travel. However, the expected length of stay is not associated with studies in business culture. Having dealt with business culture in studies does not influence on information search on business culture. This indicates that the information provided in the studies may not be adequate. This may be associated with the information provided in studies being outdated or lacking in depth. However, a significant aspect of this finding is that the question did not specify the country or continent; therefore, since it is impossible to teach every culture, the students have to search information. The sample was largely female with only 25% male respondents. The tests show that the expected variations in willingness to travel, future career and other aspects of business culture are not in line with the distribution of male to female respondents. Therefore, gender does not have a significant effect on essential aspects of business culture. General interest in other cultures did not appear to have an effect on the willingness or frequency to work abroad. The correlation between this interest and information seeking was also lacking. Future career plans of an individual are significant in determining factors such as their willingness to travel, and duration of working abroad. However, preference in relation to the countries where they would be willing to travel was independent on career plans. The respondents indicated unanimously that they felt knowledge of business culture would improve business conduct at the international market. Most of them also indicate appreciation of a course on business culture for the different countries before going there. These responses show the need for the educational institutions and companies to provide courses on business culture because they are necessary and needed by the students. Findings from the two surveys show significant differences in business culture and social culture between Germany and other countries. This is attributable to the differences noticed by most of the employees who have travelled abroad for business. The main incentive for travelling abroad was the effect that it would have on their careers. Although most of them do not join the company because of the possibility of travelling abroad, they are willing to travel in order to progress in their career. International exposure was also a significant aspect for the business students. 50% of the students were hoping to work abroad or go on many business trips. Buy custom American Business Culture essay